Tilt and shift.

This homemade tilt-shift lens allows the user to manipulate the lens' plane of focus and compose photos in an unconventional way. On a normal, static lens, the plane of focus is always perpendicular to the camera, focusing on a particular distance from the lens.

But the tilt-shift or bellows system lets you adjust the angle of the lens with the camera, which frees the plane of focus to move diagonally in relation to the photographer. That way, objects at varying distances can be in focus, while others at the same distance are blurred.

The result can give the photographer control over where the viewer's eye goes in the photo by controlling the focus and the degree of sharpness.

My tilt-shift was made with the following ingredients in addition to super glue and gaffer tape:

• 1 medium format lens: I used a medium format lens instead of a 35mm lens because (a) it focuses farther from the camera so that I can move it easily, and (b) the image circle is bigger, so the light projected from it will cover the whole frame.

• 1 body cap hollowed out so I can easily mount the lens

• Some dryer tube and a T-shirt sleeve to act as the bellows and keep excess light out.

Why do some photos look miniature?

Usually, an image's depth of field depends on (i) the lens' focal length, (ii) the aperture, and (iii) the camera's distance from the subject. When you shoot a wide photo like a landscape, you usually use a wide-ish lens and you're far from the subject, meaning you'll have a very large depth of field with almost everything in focus.

When you shoot something close up, however, the depth of field gets very small, so some things are very sharp while others are out of focus.

Shooting a landscape with the tilt-shift gives the impression that you're close up because of the strange depth of field that you would normally only get with a longer lens close to the subject (like you would see if you were shooting a model town, for example).